Thus, written Norwegian became closely related to Danish, causing the literature to become essentially Danish. The reformation was imposed on Norway in 1537 and the Dano-Norwegian rulers used it to also impose Danish culture this was effected through the pulpit as well as through written records, as pastors were trained in Copenhagen. The university and cultural center of Denmark–Norway was Copenhagen, where young men went to study. During the period of union with Denmark, Danish replaced Norwegian. Ibsen characterized this period as "Four Hundred Years of Darkness". Norwegian literature was virtually nonexistent during the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano-Norwegian union (1387–1814). "Four Hundred Years of Darkness" Reformation-era literature The period of common Old Norse literature continued up through the 13th century with Norwegian contributions such as Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá but by the 14th century saga writing was no longer cultivated in Norway and Icelandic literature became increasingly isolated. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a detailed history of the Norwegian kings that begins in the legendary Ynglinga saga and continues to document much of early Norwegian history. He recorded Norse mythology in the form of the Prose Edda, a book of poetic language providing an important understanding of Norse culture prior to Christianity. The greatest Norse author of the 13th century was the Icelander Snorri Sturluson. Medieval Norwegian literature is closely tied with medieval Icelandic literature, and together, they are considered Old Norse literature. At the end of the 12th century, historical writing expanded to the vernacular with Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum followed by the Legendary Saga of St. The oldest preserved Norwegian prose works are from the mid-12th century, the earliest are Latin hagiographical and historical texts such as Passio Olavi, Acta sanctorum in Selio, Historia Norwegie and Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium. Around the years 1000 to 1030, Christianity became established in Norway, bringing with it the Latin alphabet. One of the longest inscriptions is that on the 8th century Eggjum stone, containing cryptic religious or magical allusions. The preserved inscriptions from that time are mostly short memorial dedications or magical formulas. In pagan times the runic alphabet was the only one used in Norway. The 1980s has been labeled the "fantasy decade" in Norwegian literature. The period after 1965 represented a sharp expansion of market for Norwegian fiction and the 1970s produced both politicization and empowerment of Norwegian authors. In the 20th century notable Norwegian writers include the two Nobel Prize-winning authors, Knut Hamsun and Sigrid Undset. The literature in the first years after the Second World War was characterized by a long series of documentary reports from people who had been in German custody, or who had participated in the resistance efforts during the occupation. In the 1930s Emil Boyson, Gunnar Larsen, Haakon Bugge Mahrt, Rolf Stenersen and Edith Øberg were among the Norwegian authors who experimented with prose modernism. Modernist literature was introduced to Norway through the literature of Knut Hamsun and Sigbjørn Obstfelder in the 1890s. The dramatist Henrik Wergeland was the most-influential author of the period while the later works of Henrik Ibsen were to earn Norway a key place in Western European literature. In a flood of nationalistic romanticism, the great four emerged: Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Alexander Kielland, and Jonas Lie. With the advent of nationalism and the struggle for independence in the early 19th century, a new period of national literature emerged. The period from the 14th century to the 19th is considered a Dark Age in the nation's literature though Norwegian-born writers such as Peder Claussøn Friis, Dorothe Engelbretsdatter and Ludvig Holberg contributed to the common literature of Denmark–Norway. Major works of that period include Historia Norwegie, Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence, this was to flower into an active period of literature production in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing. The history of Norwegian literature starts with the pagan Eddaic poems and skaldic verse of the 9th and 10th centuries with poets such as Bragi Boddason and Eyvindr Skáldaspillir. Norwegian literature is literature composed in Norway or by Norwegian people.
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